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The purpose of this study is to examine, from the standpoint of common people as potential acceptor of ecclesiastical culture, the mechanism by which and the degree to which ecclesiastical norms of marriage and sexuality are penetrated into the daily life of parishioners in the 13th-century France. Literary sources to which we make reference are sermones vulgares(popular sermons) by Jacques de Vitry and liber poenitentialis(confessor’s manual) by Alain de Lille, both published around the year 1200 in France.
Popular sermons by Jacques de Vitry are characterized by the fact that they are not delivered in Latin but in vulgar language, with lots of exempla inserted, so as to be easily understood by ignorant people. He puts stress on the public marriage in clergy’s presence in front of church, the prohibited degrees and the forbidden periods of marriage, the taboos of fornication and adultery.
Confessor’s manual by Alain de Lille deserves our consideration in that it is impregnated with casuistry according to which attention is not only paid to action but also to intention in the problem of ethical judgement. He prescribes in detail the tariffs of penitences which are imposed on the nuptial and sexual sins such as fornication, prostitution, adultery, bestiality and incest.
Contrary to these ecclesiastical nuptial and sexual norms, Montaillou, a mountain village of southern France, seemed to be a paradise of free sex until the 13th century. Rape, fornication, adultery, endogamy and incest were not regarded as sin in the ecclesiastical sense of the word. The village did not yet experience the Christianization of nuptial and sexual customs, partly because of the debauchery of parish clergy and the deficiency of confessional practice. The moral system which regulated the villagers’ behaviour was not based on sin but on shame which came from the rural communal ethos of the pre-Christian period.
In sum, what our study can confirm is that Christianization of nuptial and sexual customs among rural parishioners depends much more on the practical effort of parish Christianity than on the edifying will of official Christianity.
Popular sermons by Jacques de Vitry are characterized by the fact that they are not delivered in Latin but in vulgar language, with lots of exempla inserted, so as to be easily understood by ignorant people. He puts stress on the public marriage in clergy’s presence in front of church, the prohibited degrees and the forbidden periods of marriage, the taboos of fornication and adultery.
Confessor’s manual by Alain de Lille deserves our consideration in that it is impregnated with casuistry according to which attention is not only paid to action but also to intention in the problem of ethical judgement. He prescribes in detail the tariffs of penitences which are imposed on the nuptial and sexual sins such as fornication, prostitution, adultery, bestiality and incest.
Contrary to these ecclesiastical nuptial and sexual norms, Montaillou, a mountain village of southern France, seemed to be a paradise of free sex until the 13th century. Rape, fornication, adultery, endogamy and incest were not regarded as sin in the ecclesiastical sense of the word. The village did not yet experience the Christianization of nuptial and sexual customs, partly because of the debauchery of parish clergy and the deficiency of confessional practice. The moral system which regulated the villagers’ behaviour was not based on sin but on shame which came from the rural communal ethos of the pre-Christian period.
In sum, what our study can confirm is that Christianization of nuptial and sexual customs among rural parishioners depends much more on the practical effort of parish Christianity than on the edifying will of official Christianity.
목차
Ⅰ. 머리말
Ⅱ. 일상화의 기제와 전략
Ⅲ. 일상화의 대상과 내용
Ⅳ. 일상화의 실상 : 몽타이유 마을 농민의 경우
Ⅴ. 맺음말
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