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Historical studies of the Balhae military system were waiting for a breakthrough for a long time, because the lack of pertinent data was preventing studies from going forward. Yet recently, thanks to the newly acquired and secured archaeological data, comparative studies examining the Chinese Dang dynasty’s Jang’an-seong capital and Balhae Sang’gyeong-seong capital have been announced, and based upon such accomplishments this article attempted to trace evidences of the formation of the Eight Battalions[衛] and the Royal guard of Balhae, which are believed to have been quite similar to their Dang dynasty counterparts, such as the 16 Battalions and the Imperial Guard.
First, the concept and categories of the Royal guards that existed throughout the history of Korea and China were examined, and determined was the fact that the concept of ‘Royal Guard’ primarily referred to the Dynastic army or ‘Central’ army, while it also referred to the smaller, refined and independent units (enlisted within the central army) which were put in specific charge of not only safeguarding the king and emperor but also serving them in the most minute aspects. During the reign of Balhae king Mun-wang, the capital was moved to the Sang’gyeong-seong fortress, and at the time the Eight Battalion system, which quite resembled the 16 Battalion system of Dang, seems to have been established. Later, during the reign of King Seon-wang, all aspects of Balhae culture and administration continued to be refined, and in the process, the North, South, Left and Right Battalions were officially designated to serve the role which was assumed by the Left/Right Shinchaek battalion of Dang.
The Capital defense system of Balhae reveals that the Sang’gyeong area was protected by a multi-layered overlapping lines of defense. The left and right shores of the Mokdan-gang river, the Jang’gwang-jae-ryeong ridge on the West, The No’ya-ryeong range on the East served as primary perimeters, which engulfed the palace, outer fortress, and the entire capital along with its adjacent areas. What should be noticed is the fact that no traces of middle or large scale fortresses are found between the Jirin city and the Jang’gwang-jae-ryeong ridge, at least from archaeological excavations. Such traces are mainly being discovered from the Mokdan-gang river basin and near the Gyeongbak lake where the Sang’gyeong-seong was reportedly located. Unlike the Goguryeo dynasty’s Liaodung defense system, it seems that the Balhae system took advantage of the natural geographical features of the Mokdan-gang area in designing its own defense structure.
First, the concept and categories of the Royal guards that existed throughout the history of Korea and China were examined, and determined was the fact that the concept of ‘Royal Guard’ primarily referred to the Dynastic army or ‘Central’ army, while it also referred to the smaller, refined and independent units (enlisted within the central army) which were put in specific charge of not only safeguarding the king and emperor but also serving them in the most minute aspects. During the reign of Balhae king Mun-wang, the capital was moved to the Sang’gyeong-seong fortress, and at the time the Eight Battalion system, which quite resembled the 16 Battalion system of Dang, seems to have been established. Later, during the reign of King Seon-wang, all aspects of Balhae culture and administration continued to be refined, and in the process, the North, South, Left and Right Battalions were officially designated to serve the role which was assumed by the Left/Right Shinchaek battalion of Dang.
The Capital defense system of Balhae reveals that the Sang’gyeong area was protected by a multi-layered overlapping lines of defense. The left and right shores of the Mokdan-gang river, the Jang’gwang-jae-ryeong ridge on the West, The No’ya-ryeong range on the East served as primary perimeters, which engulfed the palace, outer fortress, and the entire capital along with its adjacent areas. What should be noticed is the fact that no traces of middle or large scale fortresses are found between the Jirin city and the Jang’gwang-jae-ryeong ridge, at least from archaeological excavations. Such traces are mainly being discovered from the Mokdan-gang river basin and near the Gyeongbak lake where the Sang’gyeong-seong was reportedly located. Unlike the Goguryeo dynasty’s Liaodung defense system, it seems that the Balhae system took advantage of the natural geographical features of the Mokdan-gang area in designing its own defense structure.
목차
머리말
1. 금군의 개념과 역사적 변천
2. 발해 상경성 축조와 금군의 성립 시기
3. 도성방어체계와 금군
맺음말
참고문헌
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참고문헌 (47)
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